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unleaded...

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unleaded sent on March 12, 2023 (17:55) by Fabio F77. 41 comments, 987 views. [retina]

1/320 f/8.0, ISO 200, hand held.

briggs & stratton 5.5 HP gasoline engine - rollei planar 50 1.8 su oly - un saluto a tutti - qualche calcolo energetico: utilizzando l'espressione del rendimento globale in forma diretta si può calcolare la massa di combustibile necessaria per la potenza di 5.5 HP che corrispondono a 4148.65 W. Posto infatti un rendimento pari a 0.3 ed un potere calorifico della benzina di 10500 Kcal/Kg si ottiene la potenza termica necessaria alla fonte e quindi la portata di combustibile che alimenta il motore pari a: 0.318 g/s (grammi secondo). Ora è possibile ottenere, stimando la percentuale di carbonio nel combustibile pari all'84% in peso, la massa di CO2 emessa allo scarico per unità di tempo: infatti l'ossidazione completa (ideale con rendimento di combustione unitario) produce 44/12= 3.67 Kg di CO2 per Kg di C (C+O2 = CO2 -> 12 + 32 = 44). Dunque 3.67x0.84x0.318 = 0.98 g/s di CO2. Un'ora di funzionamento di questa macchina alla potenza di 5.5 HP@2600RPM genera 0.98x3600= 3.528 Kg di CO2. ------------------------------------------------------ E se fosse un motore elettrico a generare la stessa potenza prelevandola dalla rete? Introducendo il rendimento elettrico del motore e quello di distribuzione dell'energia nella rete e una quota parte pari al 25% di energia da rinnovabile si ottiene che occorre prelevare: 4148.65/0.9 = 4609.6 x 0.75 = 3457.2 W (non rinnovabili), Ora supponiamo che a generare tale energia sia un gruppo termoelettrico a ciclo vapore subcritico con doppio surriscaldamento da 300MW nominali, alimentato ad olio combustibile (85% in peso di C); Posto il potere calorifico pari a 9500 Kcal/Kg si calcola una portata specifica di combustibile pari a 16.67 Kg/Kg di vapore circolante, che corrispondono a 65620 Kg/h. Cioè 18.23 Kg/s. Tralasciando il calcolo dei salti entalpici del vapore, tutto ciò corrisponde ad una potenza termica di 723MW e a ad un rendimento del ciclo di 0.4. Ora come fatto in precedenza si può calcolare la portata di CO2 prodotta pari a: 18.23x0.85x3.67=56.86 Kg/s. La frazione di potenza del motore rispetto a quella prodotta è pari a 3457,2 W / 300 MW = 1.15 e-5 che comporta una quota di emissione di CO2 di 56.87e3 x 1.15e-5 = 0.65 g/s, quindi in un'ora di funzionamento di 2.34 Kg di CO2. ---------------------------------------------------------------- totalmente rinnovabile da solare fotovoltaico. Occorre fornire istantaneamente una potenza elettrica di 4609.6 W in elettrico (pari a 5.5HP). L'irradiamento medio annuale per superficie captante correttamente disposta zona Roma è di 1740 KWh / mq all'anno. Introducendo il rendimento di trasformazione del pannello e dei dispositivi inverter connessi alla rete si ottiene che l'energia derivabile come valore medio giornaliero (ottimistico) è 0.476 KWh / mq al giorno, che corrisponde a una potenza istantanea di 0.0198 KW / mq. Ne deriva una superficie da installare pari a S = 4609.6 e-3 / 0.0198 = 232 mq //////////////// Il calcolo pur non troppo rigoroso evidenzia il concetto di densità di energia e cioè come una massa di soli 0.318 grammi di combustibile si traducano in 230mq di solare equivalente. //////////// Da ultimo una nota per gli amanti delle macchine volumetriche. Nei motori 2 tempi la 'cilindrata' ha un significato diverso da quello dei motori 4 tempi; infatti mentre nei 4T essa corrisponde al volume delimitato dallo stantuffo nella camera di combustione nella corsa dal PMI al PMS (punti morti superiore ed inferiore), nei 2T occorre tener conto della presenza delle 'luci' di carico e scarico che "sottraggono" volume. Ad es. nel motore in questione è dato il 'displacement' come V = 190 cc. Avendo calcolato la massa di combustibile nell'unità di tempo pari a 0.318 g e nota la velocità in RPM 2600 si calcola che in un secondo il motore compie 43 rotazioni che corrispondono ad una massa di combustibile di 0.00739 g ad ogni giro di manovella. Poiché l'aria in peso è al 23% azoto e al 77% ossigeno si ottiene una massa molecolare di: 31.07 Kg / Kmol. (Kg per chillomole) da cui il volume specifico a condizioni normali (T= 0 C e p= 1 atm) pari a 0.721 Nmc / Kg, densità a CN di 1.38 Kg/Nmc. Utilizzando la legge dei gas perfetti ne deriva una densità a condizioni standard (T=25 C e p=1 atm) di 1.26 Kg/mc. In un volume di 190 cc entrano quindi 0.239 g di aria aspirata miscelata a combustibile. Il dato permette di calcolare il rapporto aria combustibile come: 0.239 / 0.00739 = 32.39. Tale dato lascia supporre un volume sottratto dalle luci alla camera di combustione (190cc) pari a poco più della metà del dichiarato, da cui ne risulterebbe un naturale e più logico rapporto aria/combustibile intorno allo stechiometrico.



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avatarsupporter
sent on April 06, 2023 (14:25) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)


avatarsupporter
sent on April 06, 2023 (14:39) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Paul... how much stuff!

avatarsenior
sent on April 06, 2023 (16:27) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)


avatarsupporter
sent on April 06, 2023 (16:31) | This comment has been translated

Eeeek!!!

avatarsenior
sent on April 06, 2023 (16:36) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Forgot.... The more high revolutions the more power you theoretically produce.... but the faster the air moves in the ducts.... (other problems)... in short, they are machines in my opinion in which you really need a lot of skill to extract the best .... and anyway in MCI are a slave .... I may have missed a few steps... for serious questions ask Paolo :-P

avatarsupporter
sent on April 06, 2023 (18:35) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Exaggerated!
Great engineer, you are very good, it is a pleasure to read you (always) but these topics attract me like a fly on jam.
Again many congratulations, Fabio.

avatarsenior
sent on April 21, 2023 (21:37) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Lavorone.
A single note: the power is calorific and not calorific.
If I'm not mistaken, the value of the lower one is used.



https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potere_calorifico

avatarsenior
sent on April 21, 2023 (21:48) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

And yes thanks I had not noticed the correction of the phone ....
Of course it is the lower one.
Hs - Hi = r x M(H2O)
It should be remembered that if the fuel contains sulphur, the reactions lead to the formation of a mixture that condenses in the MCI giving rise to a corrosion phenonene at low temperature.
S + O2 -> SO2 SO2 +
1/2 O2 -> SO3
SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (0:26) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

The stick ratio should also be taken into account because, for example, if little oxygen enters the carbon does not bind and therefore is spat out without transforming (improper term) into CO2 and / or CO.

avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (8:22) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)


avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (10:06) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)


avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (10:50) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Attach everything you want, it is always useful.

Machu Picchu is a difficult task

:-D
In fact, and it is interesting that the formula of power reports in an elegantly synthetic way what you have described in a more understandable way. And that's why I mentioned it, because dozens of insights are born from a simple formula.

avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (11:15) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Here is the graph of temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure for the last week.
P.S. maybe it would be worth opening a discussion on the subject. After all, we continue to talk about CO2 emissions, electric motors Vs. endothermic but most of those who talk about it do so only by hearsay without having the slightest knowledge of the subject.
When I look at the price lists of cars with the related consumption and CO2 emissions data published in magazines I am always puzzled by the fact that electric cars are indicated with zero CO2 emissions.
Moreover, it would be necessary to indicate the COx and NOx parameters that are more significant also because the oxidizer contains N for over 78%.





avatarsenior
sent on April 22, 2023 (11:30) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Thank you very much Old_Pentax. Really kind.

maybe it would be worth opening a discussion on the subject

I don't have the courage.... :-D I would not like to be labeled here as usual ....
in magazines I am always puzzled by the fact that electric cars are reported to have zero CO2 emissions.

Let's say they make a serious formal error in 'good' faith? :-D

user236140
avatar
sent on April 06, 2024 (22:09) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Ahem, stuff too complex for me
but I trust what you say :-D
and to think that when I was a kid I wanted to be a nuclear engineer :-o
then I was sent back to high school in physics and I was also struggling in mate, so I gave up
on the formulas, Old_Pentax and Valgrassi know very well that I don't understand a thing and that they make me get the apecola :-D
As far as the stoichiometric ratio is concerned, I don't know what to say
, I know much better the ratio of steak with volatile fatty acids :-D


user236140
avatar
sent on April 06, 2024 (22:16) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

As for EVs, I discovered Juza through the site on electric vehicles, which several years ago attracted me for the illusion that they would save me money on broth or LPG,
today they attract me like sand in a swimsuit :-D because there is no EV that is economical and with a range equal to a petrol, especially in winter; only huge vehicles, snappier and faster than a Ferrari and prohibitively expensive; so as far as I'm concerned, I'm holding on to the Baleno in soup
, however, there is no denying that EVs are quiet and don't emit a stench


user236140
avatar
sent on April 06, 2024 (22:26) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

And what about mowers?
when I was a kid I loved the cool Flymo
[IMG2]https://vhgmc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IMG_20200706_161045_resized_20200706_042331886.jpg[/IMG2]
I had retrieved one from a junk dealer, I had dismantled it, cleaned it, changed the bark and it was back as good as new
, you piloted it with a finger, but it made a crazy noise :-D
Today I prefer to use a wired electric one, very quiet

avatarsenior
sent on April 07, 2024 (5:54) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Claudio, you would have been like Homer Simpson controlling a painting in some French power plant. :-)
If you put in the effort, you understand the formulas. There's nothing difficult about it.


user236140
avatar
sent on April 07, 2024 (11:17) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

If you commit to the formulas, you will understand them

Yes, but I have to commit myself :-D
On the other hand, I completed the scientific high school and in some fields I was quite good
then at the high school they gave us a geometry problem that had no solution :-o
Despite this, I came out quite well
and then at Uni I still had to pass exams in chemistry, biochemistry, physics and statistics and even there I came out quite well
, however, today I prefer the "practical" or popularizers such as Piero Angela, who explained things very well, even the most complex ones, without using the :-D formulas


avatarsenior
sent on April 07, 2024 (12:27) | This comment has been automatically translated (show/hide original)

Undoubtedly, :-D




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